This article analyzes grinding resistance through tangential and normal forces, interpreting force ratio as a physical bridge between energy partitioning, material removal mechanisms, and precision control in grinding processes.

This article analyzes the fundamental grinding mechanisms of rubbing, ploughing, and cutting through the lens of specific grinding energy. Focusing on microstructural interactions, energy partitioning, size effect, and material removal physics, it bridges classical grinding theory with modern precision engineering practice.

Welcome to PSI World Web. This platform is a personal research archive dedicated to exploring the fundamental mechanisms of manufacturing